Heat Wave Ohio Crisis And Resilience Strategies

Historical Context and Past Heat Waves in Ohio

The state’s geographical diversity—spanning humid continental climates in the north, transitional zones in central Ohio, and subtropical influences near the Ohio River—creates distinct heat wave dynamics. Lake Erie and Lake Michigan moderate temperatures in northern regions, while urban heat islands in cities like Columbus and Cleveland amplify heat stress. Below, the most impactful heat waves of the last 30 years are analyzed, including their meteorological drivers, geographical impacts, and lasting consequences.

Timeline of Major Heat-Related Events in Ohio (1993–2023)

1. July 1995: The Deadliest Heat Wave
   A high-pressure system stalled over the Midwest, trapping Ohio in a dome of oppressive heat and humidity. Temperatures exceeded 100°F (38°C) for six consecutive days, with heat indices reaching 115°F (46°C) in urban areas. This event, often compared to the 1995 Chicago heat wave, resulted in over 100 heat-related fatalities, primarily among elderly populations in cities like Toledo and Cleveland. Infrastructure failures, including power grid overloads, exacerbated the crisis, leading to mandatory cooling center openings.
2. July–August 2012: Drought-Induced Heat Stress
   A prolonged drought combined with a heat wave pushed temperatures into the mid-90s°F (35–38°C) for three weeks, with some regions recording 10+ days above 95°F (35°C). Agricultural losses exceeded $500 million, and water restrictions were imposed in 87 counties. Rural communities in western Ohio, already prone to water scarcity, faced severe livestock losses and crop failures.
3. June–July 2019: Urban Heat Island Effects
   A slow-moving heat dome persisted for 12 days, with Columbus recording its highest temperature ever at 107°F (42°C). The city’s concrete infrastructure and limited green spaces led to heat-related hospitalizations spiking by 40% compared to historical averages. This event prompted the first statewide "Heat Action Plan" pilot programs in vulnerable neighborhoods.
4. June 2021: Early-Season Heat Surge
   Ohio experienced its earliest 100°F (38°C) temperatures on record (June 12), with Toledo and Cincinnati reaching 102°F (39°C). The early onset disrupted outdoor labor sectors, leading to OSHA heat stress advisories for construction workers. Schools in southern Ohio canceled outdoor activities, foreshadowing future climate adaptation needs.
5. July 2023: Record-Breaking Humidity
   A "heat dome" event pushed heat indices to 120°F (49°C) in parts of northern Ohio, with humidity levels exceeding 70% for five consecutive days. This marked the first time Ohio’s Death Valley-like conditions (heat index ≥120°F) were officially documented, primarily affecting Lake County and Ashtabula. Emergency services reported a 25% increase in heat-related calls compared to 2022.

Comparison of Three Historical Heat Waves in Ohio

Geographical Vulnerability Zones During Past Heat Waves

1. Urban Heat Islands (Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Toledo)
   Cities with high population densities, limited green spaces, and extensive concrete surfaces retain and radiate heat, leading to temperatures 5–10°F (3–6°C) higher than surrounding rural areas. During the 2019 heat wave, Columbus’s downtown core recorded temperatures 8°F (4°C) warmer than nearby suburbs. Vulnerable populations—elderly, low-income households, and those without air conditioning—face elevated risks, as seen in the 1995 event where 70% of fatalities occurred in urban zip codes.
2. Rural and Agricultural Zones (Western Ohio, Appalachian Regions)
   While rural areas may have lower population densities, heat waves exacerbate pre-existing vulnerabilities such as limited healthcare access and reliance on outdoor labor. The 2012 drought-induced heat wave disproportionately affected livestock farmers in western Ohio, where shade and ventilation infrastructure were inadequate. Additionally, rural counties often lack cooling resources, as evidenced by higher heat-related mortality rates in Scioto and Adams Counties during the 2019 event.
3. Lake-Effect Moderation (Northern Ohio)
   Regions near Lake Erie and Lake Michigan (e.g., Erie, Ashtabula, Lorain Counties) experience milder heat waves due to lake breezes and higher humidity, which can create a "false comfort" effect. However, when heat domes persist, as in 2023, these areas face unique challenges: high humidity elevates heat indices, and lake-effect storms can disrupt power grids. For example, during the 2023 heat wave, Ashtabula County’s heat index reached 120°F (49°C) despite lake proximity.
4. Topographical Influences (Appalachian Ohio)
   Southern and southeastern Ohio’s hilly terrain traps heat, particularly in valleys where cold air drainage fails to mitigate temperatures. During the 1995 heat wave, Athens and Meigs Counties reported peak temperatures 3–5
   

   Health Impacts and Public Safety Measures During Heat Waves in Ohio

   Prolonged heat exposure poses significant physiological risks to Ohio residents, particularly those in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, outdoor workers, and individuals with preexisting health conditions. Heat-related illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heat stroke, arise from the body’s inability to regulate core temperature, leading to dehydration, organ strain, and, in extreme cases, fatal outcomes. Public health agencies in Ohio employ a multi-layered approach to mitigate these risks, combining real-time monitoring, early warning systems, and targeted emergency responses. This section examines the physiological effects of heat exposure, the structured protocols for heat-related illness management, and the role of cooling centers, alongside the application of the Heat Vulnerability Index to address disparities in heat risk across communities.
   

   Physiological Effects of Prolonged Heat Exposure on Vulnerable Groups

   Heat stress disrupts thermoregulation, forcing the body to divert blood flow to the skin for cooling, which reduces circulation to vital organs. The elderly, whose bodies are less efficient at adapting to temperature changes, experience heightened risks of hyperthermia, heat stroke, and exacerbation of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and respiratory disorders. Children, particularly those under five years old, are similarly susceptible due to their smaller body mass and developing heat-regulating mechanisms. Outdoor workers, including agricultural laborers and construction crews, face compounded risks from prolonged sun exposure, high physical exertion, and limited access to shade or hydration.

   Key physiological responses to heat exposure include:
   

5. Dehydration: Electrolyte imbalances and reduced blood volume increase strain on the heart and kidneys.
6. Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and heavy sweating precede heat stroke if untreated.
7. Heat Stroke: A medical emergency characterized by a core body temperature exceeding 104°F (40°C), confusion, seizures, or loss of consciousness, requiring immediate intervention.
8. Respiratory Distress: Heat exacerbates conditions like asthma and COPD by increasing ozone and particulate matter levels in the air.

Critical Threshold: The National Weather Service (NWS) defines heat index levels above 105°F (40.5°C) as "dangerous," with immediate health risks escalating for prolonged exposure.

Ohio’s Public Health Monitoring and Emergency Response Protocols

Ohio’s heat response framework integrates data from the Ohio Department of Health (ODH), NWS, and local health departments to issue timely alerts and coordinate interventions. The process begins with heat health watches and warnings, triggered when heat index values exceed predefined thresholds. Public health agencies activate the following steps:

1. Early Warning Systems


9. The NWS issues Heat Advisories (heat index 90–104°F) and Excessive Heat Warnings (≥105°F), disseminated via NOAA Weather Radio, Emergency Alert System (EAS), and local media.
10. The ODH collaborates with Ohio Emergency Management Agency (OEMA) to activate the Heat Emergency Response Plan, which includes:
11. Daily briefings with county health departments.
12. Coordination with American Red Cross and United Way for resource deployment.

2. Emergency Protocols for Heat-Related Illnesses


13. First Responders: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) prioritize cases involving heat stroke, administering cooling measures (e.g., ice packs, wet cloths) and transporting patients to hospitals equipped with hyperthermia treatment units.
14. Hospital Preparedness: Facilities in high-risk areas (e.g., Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland) maintain dedicated heat illness treatment protocols, including intravenous hydration and monitoring for rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown).
15. Public Awareness Campaigns: The ODH partners with organizations like Ohio EPA to distribute heat safety guides in multiple languages, targeting communities with limited English proficiency.

3. Interagency Coordination


16. Local Health Departments conduct door-to-door checks in high-risk neighborhoods, particularly for homebound elderly and low-income households lacking air conditioning.
17. Utility Companies (e.g., AEP Ohio, Duke Energy) implement conservation programs, including temporary rate reductions and energy assistance for vulnerable populations.

Heat Advisory Thresholds and Public Safety Actions in Ohio

Ohio’s heat response is guided by NWS heat index thresholds, which trigger escalating levels of public alerts and corresponding safety measures. The following table outlines the heat advisory levels, associated heat index ranges, and mandated actions by public health agencies:


Advisory Level	Heat Index Range (°F)	Public Health Actions	Targeted Populations
Heat Advisory	90–104°F	Public service announcements via media, social media, and community bulletins. Encouragement of hydration, limited outdoor activity during peak heat (11 AM–4 PM). Activation of cooling center readiness protocols (pre-opening inspections).	General public, outdoor workers, athletes.
Excessive Heat Warning	≥105°F	Mandatory cooling center openings with extended hours (e.g., 6 AM–9 PM). EMS and fire departments conduct proactive wellness checks in high-risk areas. Suspension of outdoor work permits for non-essential labor (enforced by Ohio Bureau of Workers’ Compensation). Distribution of cooling supplies (e.g., misting fans, bottled water) to shelters.	Elderly, children, homeless populations, low-income households.
Extreme Heat Emergency	≥110°F (declared by ODH)	Full activation of Ohio’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC). Deployment of mobile cooling units to underserved neighborhoods. Collaboration with FEMA for federal disaster assistance if needed. School and business closures for non-critical services.	All residents, with priority for heat-vulnerable communities.

Legal Framework: Ohio’s Heat Emergency Rule (Ohio Administrative Code 3701-3-04) requires employers to provide shade, water, and rest breaks for outdoor workers during heat advisories.

Cooling Centers in Ohio: Locations, Operating Hours, and Eligibility

Cooling centers serve as critical lifelines during heat waves, providing respite from extreme temperatures and access to hydration, medical assistance, and social support. Ohio operates over 500 cooling centers across the state, managed by libraries, community centers, churches, and government buildings. Key features include:

1. Location and Accessibility


18. Centers are strategically placed in high-density urban areas (e.g., Columbus: North Market, Cincinnati: Music Hall) and rural counties with limited air conditioning.
19. Public transportation routes are extended to cooling centers during heat emergencies, with free shuttle services provided by cities like Cleveland and Toledo.
20. 24/7 access is guaranteed during Excessive Heat Warnings, with additional staffing from Red Cross volunteers.

2. Operating Hours


21. Standard Hours (Heat Advisory): Typically 8 AM–8 PM, with extended hours during warnings.
22. Emergency Hours (Excessive Heat Warning): 6 AM–9 PM, with some centers (e.g., Columbus Recreation Centers) remaining open overnight.
23. Special Populations: Centers serving homeless individuals (e.g., Cincinnati’s Care Portal) operate around-the-clock.

3. Eligibility and Services


24. No restrictions on access; all residents are welcome, regardless of income or housing status.
25. Services provided:
26. Air-conditioned rest areas with seating and hydration stations



Infrastructure and Urban Planning Adaptations in Ohio for Heat Wave Resilience

Ohio’s urban and infrastructure systems face significant stress during heat waves, exacerbated by aging utilities, dense concrete landscapes, and limited adaptive policies. Extreme heat intensifies vulnerabilities such as power grid instability, transportation delays, and public health risks in underserved communities. Proactive adaptations—ranging from reflective pavement initiatives to updated building codes—are critical to mitigating these challenges. This section examines Ohio’s infrastructure weaknesses, successful mitigation strategies, and comparative policy frameworks with neighboring states, alongside a structured approach for retrofitting public buildings.


Key Infrastructure Vulnerabilities During Heat Waves

Urban heat waves strain Ohio’s infrastructure through cascading failures in energy, transportation, and public services. Power grid vulnerabilities emerge due to increased air conditioning demand, which can overload transformers and transmission lines. For instance, during the 2012 U.S. drought and heat wave, Ohio’s grid operator, American Electric Power (AEP), issued multiple rolling blackouts in southern Ohio after demand peaked at 22,000 MW, exceeding system capacity. Transportation disruptions occur due to heat-induced track warping in rail systems (e.g., CSX Transportation’s 2019 delays in Cincinnati) and asphalt softening on highways, leading to potholes and reduced traffic flow.

Water supply systems also face risks, including elevated chlorine evaporation rates and increased demand for fire suppression, as seen in Cleveland during the 2016 heat wave, where water pressure drops forced temporary rationing in high-rise buildings. Public health facilities, such as nursing homes and hospitals, experience equipment failures (e.g., HVAC malfunctions) and heightened energy costs, disproportionately affecting low-income neighborhoods with outdated infrastructure.


Critical Vulnerabilities in Ohio’s Infrastructure:


Energy: Grid overload from AC demand spikes (e.g., 2012 blackouts).

Transportation: Rail track distortions and road surface degradation.

Water: Chlorine loss and pressure drops in high-density areas.

Public Buildings: HVAC failures in older facilities, exacerbating heat stress.

Mitigation Strategies for Power Grid and Transportation Systems

To address grid instability, Ohio has implemented demand response programs and microgrid initiatives. AEP’s Smart Energy Choice program incentivizes customers to reduce usage during peak hours via time-of-use pricing, cutting demand by 1,200 MW during 2020’s heat waves. Additionally, battery storage projects, such as the 100 MW battery farm in Columbus, store excess energy generated during off-peak hours to deploy during surges.

For transportation, Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) has adopted heat-resistant asphalt mixes (e.g., PG 76-22 grade) in high-traffic areas like I-71 and I-75, reducing summer pothole repairs by 40% since 2018. Reflective road markings (using glass beads) in Toledo and Dayton have improved visibility while reducing heat absorption by 15–20%. Rail operators like Norfolk Southern have installed continuous welded rail (CWR) with thermal expansion joints to minimize track buckling during heat waves.


Effective Mitigation Measures:


Energy: Demand response programs (AEP’s Smart Energy Choice) and battery storage (Columbus 100 MW farm).

Transportation: Heat-resistant asphalt (PG 76-22) and reflective road surfaces.

Water: Chlorine monitoring systems in Cleveland’s distribution network.

Cool Pavement and Reflective Surface Initiatives in Ohio

Urban heat islands (UHIs) in Ohio cities like Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati elevate temperatures by 5–10°F compared to rural areas. To combat this, Ohio has piloted cool pavement technologies, including:

27. Reflective Asphalt: Used in Columbus’s Easton Town Center, where white-topped asphalt reduced surface temperatures by 25–30°F while maintaining durability. Cost: $12–$15 per sq. ft. (vs. $8–$10 for traditional asphalt), with a 10-year lifespan.
28. Permeable Pavers: Installed in Cincinnati’s Over-the-Rhine district, these allow water infiltration, reducing runoff and cooling by 10–15°F. Cost: $18–$22 per sq. ft. but qualifies for Ohio EPA stormwater rebates (up to 50%).
29. Green Streets: Toledo’s Washington Park features porous concrete and bioswales, lowering microclimates by 8°F and reducing flooding. Cost: $25–$30 per sq. ft. but yields $3.50 in savings per sq. ft. annually via reduced AC use and stormwater fees.

Cost-Benefit Analysis for Cool Pavement in Columbus:

Technology	Installation Cost	Lifespan	Annual Savings (AC/Stormwater)	Net Present Value (20 years)
Reflective Asphalt	$12–$15/sq. ft.	10 years	$1.20/sq. ft.	$8.50/sq. ft.
Permeable Pavers	$18–$22/sq. ft.	15 years	$1.80/sq. ft.	$12.00/sq. ft. (with rebates)
Green Streets	$25–$30/sq. ft.	20 years	$2.50/sq. ft.	$15.00/sq. ft.

Heat-Resilient Urban Planning Features in Ohio

Ohio cities have integrated heat-mitigation features into urban design, prioritizing shade, ventilation, and water access. Below are key implementations with visual descriptions:

1. Green Roofs and Walls
   
2. Example: Cleveland’s City Hall (2013) features a 30,000 sq. ft. green roof with sedum plants, reducing roof temperatures by 30–40°F and cutting energy costs by 20%.
3. Visual: Layered sedum mats on a waterproof membrane, supported by a structural framework. Drainage layers beneath prevent waterlogging.
4. Cost: $15–$25 per sq. ft. (including irrigation). IRS tax credits cover 50% of costs for commercial buildings.
5. Shaded Bus Stops and Transit Shelters
   
6. Example: Columbus’s Metro’s "Cool Stops" use fabric canopies with solar-powered fans and permeable pavers beneath. Temperatures inside shelters drop by 15°F compared to open areas.
7. Visual: Hexagonal fabric canopies (UV-resistant) mounted on steel frames, paired with bench seating embedded in gravel. Solar panels power LED lighting and small fans.
8. Cost: $8,000–$12,000 per stop (scalable for clusters). Federal TIGER Grant funding covered 60% of pilot costs.
9. Public Water Fountains and Mist Stations
   
10. Example: Cincinnati’s "Cool Zones" include solar-powered misting stations (e.g., Findlay Market) and hydration hubs with 10-gallon water dispensers near parks.
11. Visual: Stainless steel misting units with ultrasonic nozzles (spraying 0.005-inch droplets) and solar panels on top. Hydration hubs feature touchless refill stations with BPA-free bottles.
12. Cost: $3,000–$5,000 per misting station; $1,500 per hydration hub. Ohio EPA’s Drinking Water State Revolving Fund provides low-interest loans.
13. Urban Tree Canopies and Park Cooling Corridors
    
14. Example: Toledo’s "Green Infrastructure Plan" aims for 30% tree canopy by 2030, with heat-tolerant species (e.g., sycamore, hackberry) planted along Sylvania Avenue.
15. Visual: Tree wells (depressed planting areas) with mulch and drip irrigation, paired with shaded sidewalks. Canopy mapping via LiDAR identifies high-heat zones

Environmental and Ecological Consequences of Heat Waves in Ohio

Prolonged heat waves in Ohio exert significant pressure on natural ecosystems, disrupting ecological balances and accelerating environmental degradation. Rising temperatures alter species distributions, degrade water resources, and exacerbate air quality challenges, creating cascading effects across terrestrial, aquatic, and agricultural systems. These changes are not isolated events but reflect broader climate-driven shifts that reshape Ohio’s ecological landscape, with long-term implications for biodiversity, public health, and economic stability.


Heat waves act as amplifiers of existing environmental stressors, pushing ecosystems beyond adaptive thresholds and triggering irreversible transformations in species composition and habitat viability.

Impacts on Ohio’s Forests and Drought Stress

Ohio’s forests, particularly those dominated by oak-hickory and mixed mesophytic species, face heightened vulnerability during prolonged heat waves. Elevated temperatures combined with reduced rainfall increase drought stress, leading to tree mortality, reduced growth rates, and altered forest composition. Species such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), which thrive in cooler, moist conditions, experience accelerated decline, while drought-tolerant species like red oak (Quercus rubra) and black cherry (Prunus serotina) gain a competitive advantage.


The 2012 drought, one of the most severe in Ohio’s recorded history, caused widespread tree die-off, particularly in oak forests, with mortality rates exceeding 30% in some regions (NOAA, 2013).

Heat waves also exacerbate wildfire risks by drying out leaf litter and increasing fuel availability. The 2016 wildfire season in Ohio saw a 40% increase in fire incidents compared to the previous decade, largely attributable to heat-induced drought conditions (Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 2017). Additionally, forest fragmentation accelerates due to heat-stressed trees becoming more susceptible to pests (e.g., emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis)) and diseases (e.g., beech bark disease).


Wildlife Behavioral Shifts and Habitat Displacement

Heat waves induce behavioral adaptations in Ohio’s wildlife, including altered foraging patterns, reduced reproductive success, and range shifts toward cooler microclimates. Amphibians and reptiles, which rely on precise thermal conditions, experience population declines due to desiccated breeding grounds and increased metabolic stress. For example:

16. Wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) exhibit reduced egg viability when water temperatures exceed 28°C (82°F) during spawning (Corn, 2005).
17. Timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) seek refuge in underground burrows during prolonged heat, reducing surface activity and increasing predation risks (Blouin-Demers et al., 2013).

Bird species also face challenges, with cavity-nesting birds (e.g., chickadees (Poecile atricapillus)) experiencing lower fledgling success due to heat-induced food scarcity. Meanwhile, invasive species (e.g., Asian carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.)) expand their range in Ohio’s warming lakes, outcompeting native fish like lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and walleye (Sander vitreus).


The 2012 heat wave led to a 20% decline in breeding success for grassland birds in Ohio, including the eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), due to synchronized hatching failures linked to extreme temperatures (Loss et al., 2013).

Lake Erie Temperature Rises and Aquatic Ecosystem Disruption

Lake Erie’s surface water temperatures have risen by 2–3°C (3.6–5.4°F) per decade since the 1980s, with heat waves accelerating this trend (NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 2020). These increases disrupt thermal stratification, reducing oxygen levels in deeper waters and creating hypoxic zones that threaten cold-water species like lake trout and burbot (Lota lota). Additionally:

18. Algal blooms (e.g., Microcystis spp.) proliferate in warmer waters, releasing toxins that kill fish and contaminate drinking water supplies.
19. Invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) thrive in warmer conditions, clogging pipes and altering nutrient cycles.
20. Fish spawning cycles shift, with walleye and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) moving to deeper, cooler waters, reducing recreational fishing yields.

During the 2019 heat wave, Lake Erie’s surface temperatures reached 30°C (86°F) in some areas, triggering a toxic cyanobacterial bloom covering 700 square miles—the largest recorded in Ohio (Ohio EPA, 2019).

Ecological Thresholds for Ohio Species During Heat Waves

The following table summarizes critical temperature thresholds for key Ohio species, beyond which survival, reproduction, or habitat viability is compromised. Data sourced from Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR), USGS, and peer-reviewed studies.


Species/Group	Critical Temperature Threshold (°C)	Impact	Observed Effects in Ohio
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)	20°C (68°F)	Metabolic stress, reduced oxygen uptake	Population declines in 90% of historic streams since 1970 (ODNR, 2018)
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum)	35°C (95°F) for 3+ days	Leaf scorch, reduced photosynthesis	Mortality rates >25% in 2012 drought-affected regions (NOAA, 2013)
Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)	22°C (72°F) sustained	Spawning failure, increased predation	Near-extirpation in Lake Erie by 2020 (OHLME, 2021)
Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus)	38°C (100°F) for larvae	High mortality, developmental abnormalities	70% decline in Ohio milkweed populations (2010–2020) (Xerces Society, 2020)
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)	32°C (90°F) with high humidity	Heat exhaustion, reduced foraging	Chronic wasting disease (CWD) spread accelerates in stressed populations (ODNR, 2019)

Feedback Loops Between Heat Waves and Air Quality in Ohio

Heat waves create a positive feedback loop with air quality, primarily through ozone (O₃) formation and particulate matter (PM₂.₅) increases. Higher temperatures accelerate photochemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), leading to ground-level ozone spikes. In Ohio:

21. Ozone levels exceed the EPA’s 70 ppb standard on >30 days annually during heat waves (Ohio EPA, 2022).
22. Wildfire smoke from regional blazes (e.g., Canada or Midwest fires) worsens PM₂.₅ concentrations, exacerbating respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD.
23. Agricultural burning (e.g., corn residue) releases PM and VOCs, further degrading air quality.

The 2011

The specter of heat waves in Ohio is no longer a distant threat but a recurring crisis demanding proactive solutions. Historical data underscores the urgency of integrating climate resilience into public policy, from expanding cooling centers in high-vulnerability zones to retrofitting buildings with adaptive cooling systems. Urban planning must prioritize green infrastructure, while agricultural sectors must adopt heat-tolerant crops to safeguard food security. The lessons from past heat waves—particularly the 1995 disaster—highlight the need for cross-sector collaboration, early warning systems, and equitable resource allocation to protect all communities. As temperatures continue to rise, Ohio’s ability to balance mitigation with adaptation will determine its long-term sustainability in an era of extreme weather.

• climate adaptation
• ecological climate impacts
• infrastructure vulnerability
• public-health-emergencies
• urban heat resilience

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