Exploring the Art and Culture of Hang Pinatas

Symbolism and Themes in Hang Pinata Art

The thematic diversity of hang pinatas mirrors the historical and cultural exchanges that shaped Latin America and the Philippines. Religious symbols, such as saints or angels, dominate Mexican piñatas colgantes, while Filipino versions may feature anito (spirits) or aswang (mythical creatures) to invoke ancestral wisdom. The interplay between these symbols and their regional interpretations reveals deeper layers of cultural continuity and adaptation.

Common Symbols and Their Cultural Interpretations

• Stars and Celestial Bodies
  Stars, often depicted as golden or glittering elements, symbolize guidance, divine favor, and luck. In Mexican celebrations, they represent the Estrella de Belén (Star of Bethlehem), linking pinatas to the Nativity. Filipino pinatas may feature bituin (stars) as omens of prosperity, particularly during harvest festivals like Pahiyas.
• Animals and Mythical Creatures
  Animals reflect local ecosystems and spiritual beliefs. Mexican pinatas might include jaguars (symbolizing strength) or roosters (associated with vigilance and the sun). In the Philippines, karinderia (folk creatures like tikbalang or kapre) are woven into designs to ward off evil spirits, aligning with pre-colonial animist traditions.
• Religious Icons and Saints
  Catholic imagery dominates Mexican hang pinatas, with depictions of Virgen de Guadalupe, San Judas Tadeo (patron of lost causes), or Ángeles (angels) invoking protection and miracles. Filipino versions may integrate Santos (saints) alongside indigenous deities, such as Bathala (the supreme god in Tagalog mythology), creating a syncretic visual language.
• Geometric Patterns and Natural Elements
  Intricate talavera (ceramic) patterns in Mexican pinatas represent harmony and balance, while Filipino designs often incorporate butterfly motifs (symbolizing transformation) or rice stalks (prosperity). These elements underscore agricultural roots and the cyclical nature of life.

Comparative Themes: Mexico vs. Philippines

Societal Values Reflected in Hang Pinata Designs

• Luck and Prosperity
  In the Philippines, pinatas for Pahiyas (a Leyte festival) are adorned with abaca (hemp) and golden coins to attract wealth. Similarly, Mexican piñatas for Quinceañeras (15th birthdays) incorporate doves (peace) and hearts (love), symbolizing the transition to adulthood and future prosperity.
• Community Bonding
  The act of breaking a pinata collectively—whether in Mexican fiestas or Filipino barangay (village) gatherings—reinforces social cohesion. Historical examples include:
  • During the Spanish colonial era, Mexican villagers used pinatas in fiestas to subtly resist oppression, as the shared act of breaking and distributing sweets fostered unity.
  • In the Philippines, pinatas were integral to fiestas patronales, where entire towns would collaborate to craft and break them, symbolizing solidarity against external threats (e.g., typhoons or invasions).
• Spiritual Protection
  Religious pinatas in Mexico, such as those shaped like chiles (peppers) for Día de los Muertos, are believed to purify spaces by absorbing negative energy. Filipino pinatas with eyes of the tiger (mata ng leon) motifs are thought to repel evil spirits during Pasko (Christmas) celebrations.
• Historical Resilience
  Pinata designs have evolved to reflect societal struggles. For instance:
  • Post-revolutionary Mexico (early 20th century) saw pinatas with eagle and serpent motifs (from the Mexican flag), celebrating national identity.
  • Filipino pinatas during the American colonial period (late 1800s–early 1900s) incorporated barong (traditional attire) and kris (keris dagger) designs to subtly assert cultural resistance.

Legendary Hang Pinatas: Stories of Creation and Significance

The Pinata of the Virgin of Guadalupe (Mexico, 16th Century)
Legend attributes the origin of Mexican pinatas to the Virgen de Guadalupe, whose image appeared to Juan Diego in 1531. The seven cones of the traditional piñata represent the seven sins purified by the Virgin’s intervention. A famous 19th-century account from Puebla describes a piñata colgante shaped like the Virgin’s cloak, suspended in a church plaza during Las Posadas. When broken, it released not just sweets but rosaries and medallions of the Virgin, symbolizing divine grace. The event became a pilgrimage site, and the design was replicated nationwide, cementing the pinata’s role in Marian devotion.

The Golden Karinderia Pinata (Philippines, 19th Century

Practical Uses and Modern Applications of Hang Pinatas

Hang pinatas have evolved beyond their traditional role in festive celebrations, now serving as versatile decorative and interactive elements in contemporary events. Their adaptability allows them to enhance weddings, corporate gatherings, children’s parties, and even unconventional spaces like art installations or eco-conscious initiatives. Modern applications emphasize functionality, aesthetics, and cultural sensitivity, ensuring their relevance in diverse settings while addressing logistical and safety considerations.

Adaptation for Contemporary Events

Hang pinatas are increasingly customized for weddings, corporate parties, and children’s birthdays, where their visual appeal and interactive nature create memorable experiences. For weddings, they are often designed as centerpieces or photo backdrops, incorporating themes like floral motifs, monograms, or metallic finishes to align with bridal aesthetics. Corporate events leverage pinatas as icebreakers or prizes for team-building activities, with designs reflecting brand colors or slogans. In children’s parties, they remain a staple, though modern versions incorporate educational themes (e.g., shapes, letters, or animals) or eco-friendly materials like recycled paper or biodegradable fillings.

Setup instructions for weddings and corporate events typically include:

Pre-event preparation: Select a pinata size proportional to the venue (e.g., 3–5 feet for large crowds, 1–2 feet for intimate gatherings). Secure a sturdy hanging mechanism (e.g., industrial-grade hooks, chains, or reinforced ropes) to the ceiling or a freestanding frame.

Placement: Position the pinata at a height accessible to guests (5–7 feet for adults, 3–4 feet for children) while ensuring it does not obstruct walkways or stage areas. For outdoor events, use weather-resistant materials or tents to protect against wind or rain.

Interactive elements: Incorporate themed fillings (e.g., confetti, mini champagne bottles for weddings, or branded merchandise for corporate events) and provide tools like plastic hammers or sticks for safe play.

Photography integration: Use pinatas as props for guestbook signings or social media backdrops by placing them near photo booths or seating areas.

For children’s birthdays, simplicity and safety are prioritized:

Design: Opt for lightweight materials (e.g., papier-mâché or lightweight cardboard) with bright colors and familiar characters (e.g., superheroes, princesses).

Fillings: Use non-toxic, hypoallergenic items like candy, small toys, or themed trinkets. For younger children, avoid small objects to prevent choking hazards.

Supervision: Assign a responsible adult to oversee the activity, especially in crowded spaces, and provide clear instructions to prevent accidents.

Logistics of Hanging and Securing Pinatas for Large Crowds

The physical setup of hang pinatas in high-traffic environments requires careful planning to ensure safety, accessibility, and structural integrity. Key considerations include height, crowd control, and security measures, which vary based on event scale and venue constraints.

Height considerations:

Adult events (weddings, corporate): Hang pinatas at 5–7 feet to accommodate guests of varying heights without requiring ladders or stools. For outdoor settings, ensure the height accounts for ground unevenness or temporary stages.

Children’s events: Lower heights (3–4 feet) reduce the risk of injuries from falls or collisions, especially in indoor spaces with limited headroom.

Accessibility: Provide step stools or platforms for guests who cannot reach the pinata, particularly in venues with strict ADA compliance requirements.

Crowd control and safety protocols:

Designated activity zones: Isolate pinata areas with barriers, ropes, or marked sections to prevent overcrowding. For large groups (e.g., 100+ attendees), stagger the activity in timed rotations or use multiple pinatas.

Supervision: Assign staff or volunteers to monitor interactions, especially when using tools like hammers or sticks. For corporate events, brief staff on de-escalation techniques if conflicts arise (e.g., competitive guests).

Structural reinforcement: Use industrial-grade hardware such as:

Ceiling mounts: Heavy-duty hooks or eye bolts anchored into load-bearing structures (consult venue staff for weight limits, typically 50–100 lbs per pinata).

Freestanding frames: For venues without ceiling access, employ tripod stands or A-frame structures with counterweights to stabilize the pinata.

Outdoor solutions: Anchor pinatas to permanent structures (e.g., trees, lampposts) using shock-absorbing ropes or bungee cords to prevent swaying in windy conditions.

Emergency preparedness:

First aid stations: Place them near pinata activity areas, stocked with bandages for minor cuts or scrapes.

Fillings safety: Avoid glass or sharp objects in fillings. For outdoor events, use waterproof containers to prevent leaks or spills.

Weather contingencies: For outdoor events, schedule pinata activities during dry periods or provide backup indoor spaces. Use waterproof sealants on paper-based pinatas if rain is forecasted.

Creative Repurposing of Hang Pinatas

Beyond traditional celebrations, hang pinatas are being reimagined as interactive art installations, eco-friendly decor, or thematic experiences in public and private spaces. These applications highlight their potential for storytelling, sustainability, and community engagement.

Interactive art installations:

Public spaces: Cities like Mexico City and Manila have featured large-scale pinata installations as part of festivals, where participants collaborate to break them as a symbolic act of unity. For example, a giant piñata shaped like a tree was used in an environmental awareness campaign, filled with seeds and educational pamphlets.

Museums and galleries: Pinatas serve as tactile exhibits combining craftsmanship and cultural history. Institutions like the Museo Nacional de Antropología in Mexico have displayed pinatas as artifacts, inviting visitors to learn about their origins while engaging with replicas.

Corporate storytelling: Companies use pinatas as metaphors for teamwork or innovation. For instance, a tech firm might design a pinata shaped like a circuit board, filled with "solutions" (e.g., USB drives with company swag) to symbolize problem-solving.

Eco-friendly alternatives:

Biodegradable materials: Replace traditional papier-mâché with recycled paper pulp, cornstarch-based adhesives, or mycelium (mushroom root) composites. Brands like Eco-Enclose offer compostable pinata fillers made from plant-based plastics.

Upcycled designs: Use discarded materials such as old newspapers, fabric scraps, or even plastic bottles (cleaned and reinforced) to create pinatas. For example, a pinata made from woven plastic bags was featured in a Philippine eco-fair, filled with reusable items to promote zero waste.

Seed-filled pinatas: Incorporate wildflower or vegetable seeds into the filling, encouraging participants to plant them post-event. This aligns with initiatives like One Million Trees in Latin America, where pinatas double as seed dispersers.

Thematic experiences:

Escape rooms: Pinatas are integrated into puzzle-based challenges, where breaking one reveals clues for the next level. For example, a medieval-themed pinata might contain a "key" (a small prop) needed to unlock a treasure chest.

Wedding favors: Couples send miniature pinatas as party favors, filled with personalized messages or small gifts. These are often custom-painted with wedding dates or coordinates for a sentimental touch.

Charity events: Pinatas are used to fundraise for causes, with proceeds from breaking fees (e.g., $5 per attempt) donated to local organizations. A pinata shaped like a school bus in Guatemala raised funds for rural education programs.

Pros and Cons of Hang Pinatas in Public vs. Private Events

The decision to use hang pinatas in public or private events involves trade-offs related to cost, accessibility, cultural appropriateness, and logistical feasibility. The following table outlines key considerations for each setting:

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Economic and Social Impact of Hang Pinatas

The hang pinata, a vibrant and culturally rich craft, extends its influence beyond artistic expression into economic and social spheres, particularly in Latin American and Filipino communities. Artisans, often operating within traditional frameworks, contribute to local economies through craftsmanship, while mass production has introduced commercial viability in global markets. Simultaneously, hang pinatas serve as catalysts for tourism, cultural preservation, and communal bonding, reflecting their dual role as both economic assets and social symbols. Their lifecycle—from creation to disposal—also underscores environmental and ethical considerations, aligning with modern sustainability trends.

The economic and social dimensions of hang pinatas reveal a complex interplay between heritage, commerce, and community. Traditional artisans rely on handcrafted techniques passed down through generations, while industrial production meets demand for affordable, large-scale distribution. This duality shapes local economies, particularly in regions where hang pinatas are central to festivals and celebrations. Socially, the act of breaking a hang pinata transcends mere entertainment, fostering intergenerational connections and reinforcing cultural identity. Below, the economic contributions, tourism impact, and social dynamics of hang pinatas are examined, alongside an analysis of their lifecycle and associated environmental considerations.

Economic Role of Hang Pinata Artisans

The craftsmanship of hang pinatas sustains livelihoods for artisans, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas where traditional industries thrive. In the Philippines, regions such as Laguna and Pampanga are renowned for their pinata-makers, who employ intricate techniques involving papier-mâché, clay, and natural dyes. These artisans often operate as small-scale entrepreneurs, selling their creations at local markets, festivals, and through online platforms. The economic value extends beyond direct sales, as hang pinatas stimulate ancillary industries, including suppliers of raw materials (e.g., bamboo, fabric, and paint) and packaging services for export markets.

Mass production, however, has altered the landscape, with factories in countries like China and Mexico producing pinatas at lower costs to meet global demand. While this reduces prices for consumers, it threatens the viability of traditional artisans, who struggle to compete with industrial efficiency. To mitigate this, some communities have adopted cooperative models, where artisans pool resources to access better materials and marketing channels. Governments and non-profit organizations have also intervened by promoting "fair trade" pinatas, ensuring artisans receive fair compensation for their labor. The balance between preserving traditional craftsmanship and adapting to market demands remains a critical challenge for the industry.

Contribution to Tourism and Cultural Festivals

Hang pinatas play a pivotal role in tourism, particularly in destinations where they are integral to cultural festivals. In Mexico, the Día de los Muertos celebrations in towns like Oaxaca and Michoacán feature elaborate pinatas as both decorative elements and interactive attractions. Tourists flock to these regions not only to witness the festivities but also to purchase handcrafted pinatas as souvenirs, injecting revenue into local economies. Similarly, in the Philippines, the Pahiyas Festival in Quezon and Sinulog Festival in Cebu incorporate hang pinatas into their displays, drawing visitors who seek authentic cultural experiences.

The economic ripple effect of these festivals is substantial. Vendors selling pinatas, food, and crafts experience increased sales, while hotels and transportation services benefit from higher tourist influx. For instance, the Giant Lantern Festival in San Fernando, Pampanga, where massive, illuminated pinatas are crafted, generates an estimated $10–15 million annually in tourism-related revenue. Such events also foster cultural diplomacy, as international visitors return home with stories and memorabilia, promoting long-term interest in the region. The synergy between tourism and hang pinatas underscores their role as ambassadors of cultural heritage.

Social Dynamics of Hang Pinata-Breaking Ceremonies

The ritual of breaking a hang pinata transcends its decorative function, serving as a communal activity that reinforces social bonds. In Latin American and Filipino traditions, the ceremony often involves blindfolded participants striking the pinata with a stick, symbolizing perseverance and the pursuit of rewards (typically candies or small gifts). This activity is particularly popular during celebrations like Las Posadas in Mexico and Ati-Atihan in the Philippines, where families and communities gather to participate.

Generational transmission is a key aspect of these ceremonies. Elders often guide younger participants, teaching them the cultural significance behind the ritual while passing down stories and folklore associated with pinatas. For example, in some Filipino communities, the pinata’s design may reflect local myths, such as the Duwende (gnome-like creatures) or historical events. Modern adaptations have also emerged, with some families incorporating themed pinatas (e.g., superhero or cartoon characters) to appeal to contemporary tastes, though traditional designs remain dominant in cultural festivals.

Community participation extends beyond the breaking itself. Preparations—such as crafting the pinata, decorating it, and distributing the contents—foster collaboration and shared responsibility. In some cases, pinata-breaking competitions are organized, adding an element of friendly rivalry and entertainment. These ceremonies thus serve as living traditions, evolving with societal changes while retaining their core symbolic value.

Lifecycle of a Hang Pinata: Environmental and Social Considerations

The lifecycle of a hang pinata—from creation to disposal—presents both environmental and social implications, reflecting broader discussions on sustainability and ethical consumption. Below is a structured flowchart detailing each stage, along with associated considerations:

Factor	Public Events (e.g., festivals, fairs, street parties)	Private Events (e.g., weddings, corporate parties, children’s birthdays)
Cost	Higher initial investment due to scaling requirements (larger pinatas, multiple units, professional installation). Permits and insurance may add 10–30% to costs for public venues. Eco-friendly materials can increase expenses by 20–50% compared to traditional options.

Stage	Process	Environmental Considerations	Social Considerations
Creation	Material Sourcing	Traditional materials (bamboo, papier-mâché, natural dyes) have lower environmental impact than synthetic alternatives. Mass production often relies on non-biodegradable plastics and chemical dyes, contributing to pollution.	Local artisans source materials from nearby suppliers, supporting rural economies. Industrial production may exploit labor in regions with weak regulations, raising ethical concerns.
	Crafting	Handcrafted pinatas generate less waste but require significant time and resources. Factory-produced pinatas may use energy-intensive processes and contribute to carbon emissions.	Artisanal methods preserve cultural knowledge and skills, ensuring tradition continuity. Automation in mass production can displace local jobs, affecting community stability.
Distribution	Local Sales	Reduces carbon footprint compared to international shipping. Packaging waste (e.g., plastic wrappers) may still pose environmental risks.	Supports local businesses and reduces economic leakage. Tourism-driven sales may lead to over-reliance on seasonal income.
	Global Export	Shipping contributes to carbon emissions and packaging waste. Non-recyclable materials in pinatas may end up in landfills abroad.	Exposes artisans to broader markets but may dilute cultural authenticity. Fair trade initiatives can ensure ethical labor practices in export chains.
Usage	Cultural Ceremonies	Biodegradable pinatas minimize waste during festivals. Non-recyclable fragments may litter post-event if not managed properly.	Strengthens community ties and cultural pride. Commercialized events may prioritize aesthetics over sustainability.
	Commercial Events	Single-use pinatas in corporate or party settings contribute to waste. Reusable or modular designs could mitigate environmental harm.	Loss of cultural context Illustrations and Descriptive Imagery in Hang Pinata Art The hang pinata, a vibrant and culturally rich art form, transcends its functional purpose to become a visual and sensory masterpiece. Its intricate designs and symbolic motifs transform it into a living canvas, blending traditional craftsmanship with festive storytelling. The interplay of colors, textures, and patterns not only enhances its aesthetic appeal but also deepens its cultural significance, making it a focal point in celebrations. Below, the visual and experiential elements of hang pinatas are explored through descriptive narratives, sensory breakdowns, and crafting processes, offering a multisensory journey into their creation and ceremonial use. Visual Elements of a Traditional Hang Pinata A traditional hang pinata is a harmonious fusion of form and symbolism, where each visual element contributes to its cultural identity. The structure typically consists of a handwoven base made from dried palm leaves, bamboo strips, or papier-mâché, forming a sturdy yet flexible framework. The outer layer is adorned with bright, contrasting colors—often reds, greens, blues, and golds—reflecting regional traditions and festive themes. Common decorative motifs include geometric patterns, floral designs, and animal silhouettes, frequently inspired by local folklore or agricultural motifs. The textures vary significantly: the woven base offers a rough, fibrous grip, while the outer layers may feature smooth papier-mâché or hand-painted fabric, depending on the crafting technique. Metallic accents, such as gold or silver foil, are often applied to highlight edges, borders, or symbolic figures, adding a touch of opulence. Tassels, ribbons, and pom-poms dangle from the base, introducing movement and a playful tactile element. The hanging mechanism, usually a sturdy rope or chain, is often embellished with braided patterns or woven fringes, reinforcing the connection between the pinata and its ceremonial role. The symbolic imagery embedded in the design varies by region. In Mexican traditions, seven-pointed star pinatas (representing the seven deadly sins) are common, while Filipino piñatas may feature animal shapes like roosters, pigs, or dragons, each carrying specific meanings tied to luck, prosperity, or protection. The eyes and mouth of animal-shaped pinatas are often painted in bold black or red, creating a striking contrast against lighter backgrounds. Step-by-Step Mental Guide to Crafting, Hanging, and Breaking a Hang Pinata The creation and use of a hang pinata follow a ritualistic sequence, each step imbued with intention and cultural reverence. Below is a vivid, sensory-driven account of the process: 1. Crafting the Structure The artisan begins by selecting materials: dried palm fronds for a rustic texture, bamboo for rigidity, or papier-mâché for a smoother finish. The base is woven or molded into a symmetric shape, often a star, animal, or geometric form, ensuring structural integrity while allowing for decorative flexibility. Natural dyes—derived from plants like indigo (blue), cochineal (red), or annatto (yellow)—are mixed with water to achieve vibrant hues. The artisan paints or wraps the base, layering colors in concentric patterns or freehand designs, leaving space for symbolic elements like eyes, mouths, or borders. 2. Adding Textural and Functional Details Once the base dries, textural elements are introduced: fabric strips are woven into the structure for flexibility, while metallic foil is applied to edges or highlights. Tassels and ribbons are tied to the base, their movement simulating the dangling motion of a finished pinata. A small opening is left at the top, through which candy, coins, or small trinkets are stuffed, creating the surprise element central to the tradition. 3. Hanging the Pinata The pinata is suspended from a ceiling or tree branch using a thick rope or chain, positioned at a height accessible to children but challenging enough to require effort. The rope is often braided or adorned with colorful knots, symbolizing protection or good fortune. In some traditions, the pinata is blessed or anointed with fragrant oils (such as citrus or copal resin) before hanging, infusing the air with a warm, earthy scent. 4. The Ceremonial Breaking The moment of breaking is anticipated with excitement and ritual. A blindfolded participant, often a child, takes a wooden stick and swings with determined arcs, the thud of the stick against the pinata growing louder with each attempt. The tension in the air is palpable as the pinata sways precariously, its tassels jingling with each movement. Finally, with a sharp crack, the pinata splinters open, releasing a rain of candy, coins, and confetti in a burst of color and sound. The crowd erupts in cheers and laughter, the sweet scent of candy mingling with the dust of dried palm fibers. Iconic Hang Pinata Moments: Sensory Narratives The hang pinata is not merely an object but a living participant in celebration, its moments steeped in sensory richness. Below are three iconic scenes, each evoking a distinct emotional and physical experience: 1. The First Swing: A Child’s Anticipation A young child, eyes wide with mischievous excitement, grips the wooden stick, its rough texture contrasting with their soft palms. The blindfold, tied snugly, blocks their vision, heightening their reliance on sound and touch. The swing of the stick creates a rhythmic whoosh through the air, the distant thump of the pinata echoing like a heartbeat. The child’s breath quickens, their knees trembling with anticipation. The crowd’s hushed murmurs and the jingle of tassels fill the space, building to a climactic pause before the first strike—a moment frozen in time. 2. The Ceremonial Breaking: A Community’s Release In a village square, the pinata—a massive, dragon-shaped structure—hangs from a bamboo scaffolding, its scales glinting in the sunlight. The elder of the village chants a blessing, the deep, resonant tones of their voice blending with the rustle of palm leaves in the breeze. As the pinata is struck, the crack of bamboo is followed by a deafening crash, sending golden coins, red beans, and small clay figurines cascading onto the waiting crowd. The sweet scent of coconut candy mixes with the earthy aroma of burning incense, while the laughter of children and the clapping of adults create a symphony of celebration. 3. The Aftermath: A Sea of Color and Joy The ground is blanketed in a mosaic of candy wrappers, glittering coins, and scattered ribbons, the bright hues contrasting against the dusty earth. Children scramble and giggle, their hands sticky with sugar, while adults laugh and reminisce about past celebrations. The remaining fragments of the pinata—shards of papier-mâché, torn tassels, and splintered bamboo—are collected or left as offerings, their rough edges a reminder of the joyful chaos that defined the moment. Sensory Table: The Multisensory Experience of Hang Pinata Events The hang pinata is a multisensory spectacle, engaging sight, sound, touch, smell, and even taste. Below is a structured breakdown of the sensory details associated with its creation and ceremonial use: Sensory Element Description Key Moments Sight A kaleidoscope of colors: Reds, golds, and blues dominate, often with metallic accents that catch the light. Dynamic movement: The pinata sways and spins as it is struck, creating a mesmerizing dance of fabric and tassels. Textural contrast: The smoothness of painted surfaces vs. the roughness of woven bases or splintered bamboo. Symbolic imagery: Animal shapes, The hang pinata transcends its role as a festive centerpiece, emerging as a living artifact of cultural identity and creative ingenuity. From its humble origins in Latin American and Filipino celebrations to its modern reinventions in weddings, tourism, and eco-conscious designs, it remains a testament to the power of tradition to inspire and unite. The craftsmanship behind each piece, the symbolic weight of its breaking, and the economic and social threads it weaves into communities underscore its significance beyond mere decoration. As celebrations evolve, so too does the hang pinata, proving that its legacy lies not in stagnation but in adaptation—continuously redefining how cultures honor their past while embracing the future. Whether viewed as a work of art, a ritual object, or a catalyst for joy, its impact endures as a reminder of the stories we carry, the hands that shape them, and the moments they help us share.