| Strategic Command: World War II |
Turn-Based Grand Strategy |
Logistics management → Unit deployment → Operational warfare → Historical campaign progression |
Deep Dive: Core Mechanics of Standout Strategy Games
Strategy games on iOS thrive on layered decision-making, emergent gameplay, and adaptive systems that reward both tactical precision and long-term planning. The most acclaimed titles in this genre—whether turn-based, real-time, or hybrid—distinguish themselves through asymmetrical design choices, procedural depth, and mechanics that evolve with player mastery. Below, an analysis of three distinct approaches: Civilization VI’s grand-scale civilization management, procedural challenge generation in Into the Breach, and comparative strategic frameworks in Plague Inc., Age of Z, and Strategic Command.
Turn-Based Mastery: Civilization VI’s Strategic Layers
Civilization VI (iOS) redefines turn-based strategy by integrating multi-layered progression systems that balance historical simulation with abstracted gameplay. Its core mechanics are structured into three interdependent pillars: diplomacy, technology trees, and victory conditions, each designed to create branching paths with irreversible consequences.
-
Diplomacy Systems
The game’s diplomatic framework extends beyond traditional alliances, incorporating dynamic relationships, shared victories, and conflict resolution. Players negotiate using embassies (permanent diplomatic outposts that unlock unique perks, such as trade bonuses or military support) and treaties (temporary or permanent agreements affecting trade, war, or cultural exchange). Relationships are quantified via a favor system, where actions—such as gifting wonders or declaring war—directly influence another civilization’s willingness to cooperate. Example: A player may secure a defensive pact from a neighbor, but repeated demands for tribute could trigger a sudden rupture, forcing a preemptive strike or diplomatic isolation.
-
Technology Trees and Adaptive Research
The technology tree in Civilization VI is non-linear, with branching paths that prioritize different victory conditions (Science, Culture, Religion, etc.). Unlike linear progression, the game introduces adaptive research, where unlocking certain technologies (e.g., Automation or Industrialization) dynamically alters the tree’s structure, opening or closing branches based on infrastructure investments. Key mechanic: Great Scientist assignments allow players to skip ahead in research by assigning them to specific technologies, but misallocation can create bottlenecks (e.g., assigning a scientist to Aerodynamics too early may delay space exploration).
The technology tree’s depth ensures that no two civilizations will progress identically, even with the same leader. A player focused on Culture may unlock Pottery early for district bonuses, while a Science-oriented playthrough might prioritize Writing to enable Education policies, creating divergent economic and military trajectories.
-
Victory Conditions and Emergent Strategies
Civilization VI offers seven victory types, each requiring distinct long-term planning:
- Science Victory: Requires launching a spacecraft to Alpha Centauri or Proxima Centauri, demanding early-game focus on Campuses and Great Scientists. Late-game challenges include managing districts (e.g., Spaceports) and wonder construction (e.g., International Space Station).
- Culture Victory: Achieved by amassing Culture Points via World Wonders, Great People, and Landmarks. The Tourism system introduces a global economy, where players must balance cultural output with infrastructure (e.g., Theaters, Colosseums).
- Domination Victory: Traditional conquest, but complicated by territory control mechanics (e.g., Barbarian camps, City-State alliances). The Pillage system allows temporary resource gains but risks unhappiness and rebellions.
- Religion Victory: Involves spreading faith via Followers and Holy Sites, with unique religious units (e.g., Inquisitors, Missionaries) altering combat dynamics. Late-game, players must manage believer percentages to avoid heresy penalties.
The game’s asymmetrical victory paths ensure that no single strategy dominates; a player might pursue Science early but pivot to Culture if a rival blocks spaceports, demonstrating the adaptive depth of the system.
Side-by-Side Comparison: Strategic Depth in Asymmetrical Games
While Civilization VI excels in large-scale civilization management, other iOS strategy games emphasize asymmetrical gameplay, resource scarcity, and procedural challenges. Below, a comparative analysis of Plague Inc., Age of Z, and Strategic Command, focusing on decision-making complexity, player autonomy, and replayability factors.
| Game |
Decision-Making Complexity |
Player Autonomy |
Replayability Factors |
|---|
| Plague Inc. |
- Adaptive Evolution: The pathogen mutates based on player actions (e.g., targeting Airborne transmission increases resistance in Quarantined populations).
- Cure Development: Players must balance research speed (funding labs) with global spread, as cures trigger game-over conditions if deployed too early.
- Countermoves: Governments deploy vaccines, lockdowns, and border controls, requiring players to predict and exploit weaknesses (e.g., Vaccine Hesitancy in religious populations).
|
- High in early-game (mutation selection, transmission vectors), but constrained by late-game counterplay (e.g., global cures).
- Limited direct control over non-player entities (e.g., cannot command governments, only influence outcomes via pathogen traits).
|
- Procedural Maps: Randomized starting conditions (e.g., Urban Density, Globalization Levels).
- Pathogen Variants: Over 200+ unique strains with distinct traits (e.g., Rabies vs. Smallpox).
- Difficulty Scaling: AI opponents (governments) adapt strategies based on player success (e.g., faster cure development).
|
| Age of Z |
- Resource Allocation: Players must manage time, money, and public opinion to fund upgrades (e.g., Quarantine Zones, Military Strikes).
- Zombie Variants: Each wave introduces new behavioral traits (e.g., Fast Zombies, Exploding Zombies), requiring adaptive tactics (e.g., Snipers vs. Barricades).
- Public Relations: Failures (e.g., Civilian Casualties) erode trust, unlocking protests or government shutdowns, forcing players to prioritize humanitarian efforts over military solutions.
|
- Full control over upgrades, unit deployment, and diplomatic actions (e.g., Evacuation Orders).
- Permadeath-like consequences: Losing public support can trigger game-over conditions (e.g., Military Coup).
|
- Procedural Events: Randomized outbreaks (e.g., Zombie Infestations in specific cities).
- Moddable Difficulty: Adjustable zombie spawn rates, funding limits, and starting resources.
- Multiplayer Asymmetry: Co-op modes introduce unique roles (e.g., Scientist vs. Soldier), each with distinct objectives.
|
Strategic Command
Mobile-Optimized Strategies for Competitive Play in Strategy Games
Highly competitive strategy games on iOS demand precision, adaptability, and deep mechanical understanding to outmaneuver opponents. Mobile-optimized strategies exploit platform-specific strengths—such as touch controls, real-time feedback, and resource constraints—to create asymmetric advantages. Below are advanced tactics for three flagship titles, structured to highlight exploitability within their core systems.
Advanced Tactics in Clash of Clans for PvP Dominance
Clash of Clans’ PvP battles rely on base design, troop synergy, and timing to neutralize opponent defenses. Competitive players leverage three-layered strategies: defensive architecture to force suboptimal attacks, troop compositions that exploit structural weaknesses, and attack timing to catch opponents off-guard during transitions (e.g., between upgrades or raids).The following checklist outlines high-impact tactics for players targeting Town Hall 14+, where resource efficiency and meta-relevant troops (e.g., Balloons, E-Giant, and Clan Capital units) dictate match outcomes: 1. Defensive Base Design: Forcing Attacker Weaknesses
Deploy hidden Teslas behind walls to punish overcommitted air troops (e.g., Balloons, Dragons) without revealing their positioning until the last moment.
Use spring traps near high-value structures (e.g., Lab, Dark Spell Factory) to trigger massive troop loss when attackers focus on one area.
Cluster defenses (e.g., X-Bows + Mortars) around the King’s Tower to create a "choke point" that forces attackers to either waste troops or risk a 3-star loss.2. Troop Composition: Exploiting Structural Gaps
Balloons + E-Giant combinations bypass Air Defenses (if placed optimally) and Warden traps, while the E-Giant’s splash damage destroys clustered defenses (e.g., Eagle Artillery).
Lava Hounds + Goblins target hidden Teslas and Spring Traps by prioritizing high-damage structures first, reducing the opponent’s ability to counterattack effectively.
Clan Capital units (e.g., Siege Machines, Battle Blimps) are prioritized in high-trophy leagues (e.g., Clan Games) where opponents may lack anti-air/anti-siege defenses.3. Timing-Based Attacks: Catching Opponents in Transitions
Raiding during upgrade windows (e.g., when opponents are leveling up their Lab or Dark Spell Factory) forces them to either lose resources or delay critical defenses.
Exploiting Clan Capital rotations: Attack when opponents have low Clan Capital troops (e.g., immediately after a siege machine is deployed but before reinforcements arrive).
Using "fake-out" attacks: Send a low-trophy attack (e.g., a single Balloon) to trigger defensive adjustments, then follow with a high-damage composition while defenses are misaligned.
Exploiting Fog-of-War in Strategic Command: Terrain, Visibility, and Scouting
Strategic Command’s fog-of-war (FoW) system transforms terrain into a tactical variable, where unit visibility, scouting efficiency, and terrain masking determine battle outcomes. Players exploit FoW by controlling information asymmetry, using recon units to force opponents into predictable engagements and ambush tactics to neutralize exposed forces.The following table breaks down phase-based exploitation of FoW mechanics, including player actions, opponent counters, and optimal responses derived from competitive meta-analysis:
| Phase |
Player Action |
Opponent Counter |
Optimal Response |
|---|
| Pre-Battle Scouting |
Deploy Light Cavalry or Scouts to mark enemy unit positions before engagement, prioritizing high-value targets (e.g., Artillery, Commanders). |
Opponent deploys anti-cavalry units (e.g., Pikemen, Musketeers) to eliminate scouts, reducing player’s situational awareness. |
Split scout groups: Send one group to flank while the main force engages, ensuring at least one scout survives to relay critical intel. |
| Terrain Masking |
Position infantry units (e.g., Musketeers, Halberdiers) behind woodline or elevation changes to remain undetected until the last moment. |
Opponent deploys ranged units (e.g., Archers, Cannoneers) to clear visibility, forcing premature engagement. |
Use smoke bombs (if available) to temporarily obscure vision, then rush with melee units before opponent adjusts. |
| Ambush Execution |
Hide Archers in dense forests and trigger engagement when enemy cavalry charges into range, maximizing area-of-effect damage. |
Opponent deploys anti-archer units (e.g., Knights, Siege Onagers) to clear flanks before the ambush resolves. |
Prioritize killing ranged counters first: Use melee units to lock down anti-archer threats before unleashing the ambush. |
| Post-Engagement Exploitation |
Feign retreat with light units (e.g., Scouts) to lure opponent into overcommitting, then counterattack with reserves. |
Opponent ignores feints and focuses on destroying exposed units, leading to unbalanced engagements. |
Use terrain to cut off retreat paths: Position units behind hills or rivers to force opponent into a kill zone. |
Forests reduce visibility for ranged units but penalize cavalry speed; ideal for ambushes with infantry.
Rivers act as natural chokepoints; bridge them with engineers to control movement.
Hills provide elevated firing positions for Archers and Cannoneers, allowing long-range suppression.
Plague Inc.’s asymmetrical progression system requires balancing mutation speed, containment resistance, and public perception to avoid early elimination or late-game collapse. Competitive players prioritize three core pillars:
1. Evolutionary Efficiency – Mutating at the optimal rate to outpace cures while minimizing public panic.
2. Containment Neutralization – Exploiting weaknesses in quarantine protocols (e.g., airborne transmission, symptom masking).
3. Economic Sustainability – Managing cure research costs without triggering global lockdowns or military interventions.The following meta-strategies are derived from high-score replays (e.g., 100% infection rates with minimal cure progression): 1. Mutation Path Optimization
Prioritize mutations that:
Increase transmission speed (e.g., Airborne → 30%) before symptom severity to avoid early containment.
Reduce quarantine effectiveness (e.g., Asymptomatic → 50%) while keeping public fear low (<30%).
Avoid over-mutating early: A high transmission rate without containment resistance leads to premature lockdowns.2. Containment Exploitation
Airborne + Asymptomatic combinations bypass quarantine in high-population cities (e.g., Tokyo, New York), where lockdowns are delayed.
Symptom masking (e.g., Flu-like → 80%) reduces public panic, allowing unrestricted spread in low-awareness regions (e.g., Sub-Saharan Africa).
Military intervention triggers (e.g., >50% infection in a country) are mitigated by rapidly mutating into a "
Visual and Narrative Design in Strategy Games: Blending History, Art, and Tactics
Strategy games thrive on the interplay between mechanical depth and immersive storytelling, where visual and narrative elements elevate gameplay from functional to experiential. The most successful titles—whether rooted in historical reenactment or speculative fiction—craft environments that reinforce strategic decision-making while deepening player engagement. This section explores how Age of Z, Civilization VI (iOS adaptation), and Into the Breach leverage artistic direction, historical integration, and UI feedback to create cohesive, visually compelling experiences. Each approach demonstrates how design choices transcend aesthetics to shape gameplay loops, risk assessment, and long-term player investment.
Age of Z: Historical Events and Fictional Lore in Turn-Based Strategy
Age of Z merges alternate-history warfare with deep turn-based strategy, grounding its fictional conflicts in meticulously researched historical timelines. The game’s narrative framework weaves real-world events—such as the Cold War, World War II, and the Space Race—into a sci-fi setting where time-traveling factions clash over temporal dominance. This integration serves dual purposes: it provides players with a tangible historical context for strategic decisions while introducing fictional twists that redefine traditional warfare mechanics.The game’s timeline system is a cornerstone of its design, presenting key events in a structured, accessible format that mirrors both educational and entertainment goals. Below is a breakdown of how Age of Z’s historical events are adapted into gameplay and narrative, illustrating their impact on unit composition, technological unlocks, and faction dynamics.
| Era |
Key Event |
Gameplay Impact |
Narrative Twist |
|---|
| 1945–1953 |
Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
Unlocks "Temporal Bomb" units—high-damage, one-time-use assets that alter local timelines upon deployment. |
The event is reframed as a "quantum resonance" incident, where the bombs instead create paradoxes that factions exploit for temporal manipulation. |
| 1961–1963 |
Cuban Missile Crisis |
Introduces "Stealth Drone" units, modeled after Cold War-era espionage, which can bypass enemy defenses by exploiting temporal distortions. |
The crisis is depicted as a failed assassination attempt on a time-traveling scientist, leading to a permanent schism between factions. |
| 1969 |
Apollo 11 Moon Landing |
Grants access to "Orbital Strike" abilities, where lunar-based assets can target specific eras to disrupt enemy progress. |
The moon landing is revealed to be a staged event by a faction to conceal a hidden time portal, adding a layer of conspiracy to the lore. |
| 1989 |
Fall of the Berlin Wall |
Allows the construction of "Temporal Barriers," defensive structures that temporarily halt enemy unit movement in affected eras. |
The wall’s collapse is portrayed as a deliberate act by a faction to "reset" a failed temporal experiment, creating a paradox that alters Berlin’s timeline. |
| 2020–Present |
COVID-19 Pandemic |
Introduces "Quarantine Zones," areas where enemy units suffer reduced efficiency unless they possess "Adaptive" traits. |
The pandemic is revealed to be a side effect of a temporal weapon, turning global lockdowns into a battleground for faction influence. |
Civilization VI (iOS Adaptation): Visual Feedback and UI Optimization for Strategic Decision-Making
Sid Meier’s Civilization VI is a benchmark for large-scale strategy games, and its iOS adaptation presents a fascinating case study in how visual and UI design can be optimized for mobile platforms without sacrificing depth. The iOS version retains the core strategic loop of the PC original but introduces refinements tailored to touchscreen interaction, particularly in how it uses animations, haptic feedback, and streamlined visual cues to reinforce decision-making. These adaptations address the unique constraints of mobile play—such as limited screen real estate and shorter attention spans—while preserving the game’s complexity.One of the most significant changes in the iOS adaptation is the emphasis on visual feedback to guide players through the turn-based cycle. Unlike the PC version, which relies heavily on mouse hover effects and keyboard shortcuts, the iOS UI leverages dynamic animations and color-coding to highlight critical actions. For instance:
Unit movement and combat: The iOS version replaces the PC’s static movement range indicators with a pulsing glow effect that expands and contracts as the player tilts the screen, providing an intuitive sense of terrain traversal.
District and improvement placement: Instead of the PC’s grid-based overlay, the iOS version uses semi-transparent preview tiles that shift opacity based on terrain suitability, reducing cognitive load when planning city expansions.
Diplomatic and military interactions: The UI introduces contextual pop-up menus with animated icons (e.g., a sword for war declarations, a handshake for alliances) to clarify options without overwhelming the player.The following table compares key visual and UI differences between the Civilization VI PC and iOS versions, focusing on how these changes enhance strategic clarity and accessibility.
| Design Element |
PC Version |
iOS Version |
Strategic Benefit |
|---|
| Movement Range Display |
Static hexagonal grid with mouse hover highlights. |
Dynamic, pulsing glow that responds to screen tilt and terrain. |
Reduces reliance on memorization; tactile feedback improves spatial awareness. |
| District Placement |
Grid-based overlay with numerical efficiency scores. |
Semi-transparent preview tiles with color-coded suitability (green = optimal, yellow = mediocre, red = poor). |
Minimizes calculation time; visual hierarchy speeds up city planning. |
| Combat Resolution |
Turn-based animation with unit health bars. |
Instantaneous "combat flash" (a brief explosion animation) followed by a numerical damage summary. |
Accelerates turn time without sacrificing transparency; haptic feedback confirms critical hits. |
| Diplomatic Actions |
Context menu with text descriptions and icons. |
Animated icons with tooltips (e.g., a peace treaty icon pulses when an alliance is possible). |
Reduces misclicks; visual cues prioritize high-impact decisions. |
| Technology Tree |
Static branching tree with hover tooltips. |
Collapsible sections with "unlock preview" animations (e.g., a brief glimpse of a unit when researching its tech). |
Encourages exploration; immediate feedback on research outcomes. |
Player Engagement and Retention Techniques in iPhone Strategy Games
Strategy games on iOS thrive by leveraging psychological triggers, dynamic progression systems, and social integration to sustain player interest over time. Unlike linear narratives, these games rely on iterative engagement loops—where rewards, challenges, and community interactions create a sense of progression and urgency. The most successful titles balance accessibility with depth, ensuring casual players remain hooked while offering complexity for hardcore strategists. Below, structured analyses of Clash Royale, Brawl Stars, Plague Inc., and Strategic Command reveal how these mechanics are implemented to maximize retention.
Progression Systems in Clash Royale and Brawl Stars: A Comparative Analysis
Both games employ tiered progression systems that gate rewards behind short-term and long-term milestones, but their approaches differ in pacing and player autonomy. The table below contrasts their tutorial structures, reward gating, and social integration strategies, highlighting how each game hooks players at different stages of their journey.
| Game |
Tutorial Structure |
Reward Gating |
Social Integration |
|---|
| Clash Royale |
- Step-by-step onboarding with "Tutorial Tower" (3 levels), introducing core mechanics (card selection, deck building, and basic strategy) without overwhelming players.
- Post-tutorial "Arena" system (Bronze to Master) acts as a natural progression ladder, with each tier requiring mastery of new card synergies.
- Optional "Chest" rewards tied to wins, encouraging players to return daily for incremental upgrades.
|
- Short-term: "Chests" (daily, weekly) with guaranteed rewards (e.g., gold, cards) but diminishing returns after initial access, prompting players to grind for legendary cards.
- Long-term: "Arena progression" unlocks exclusive cards (e.g., "Royal Giant" in Arena 4), creating FOMO (fear of missing out) for higher-tier players.
- Seasonal events introduce time-limited "Chest" tiers (e.g., "Mega Chests"), requiring players to invest resources to avoid falling behind.
|
- Clan wars and "Club" challenges foster competitive social play, with leaderboards and clan-specific rewards (e.g., "Clan Chest" tokens).
- Daily challenges (e.g., "Deck Challenge") encourage players to experiment with meta strategies while competing for global rankings.
- Cross-platform play (iOS/Android) expands the player pool, reducing matchmaking wait times and increasing social pressure to improve.
|
| Brawl Stars |
- Linear tutorial ("Training Grounds") teaches basic mechanics (brawlers, gadgets, and map control) in 5 stages, with each stage unlocking a new brawler.
- Post-tutorial "Solo Showdown" and "Brawl Ball" modes introduce competitive play early, with brawler-specific tutorials (e.g., "Stu’s first fight").
- Gamified "Brawlers Pass" (rotating weekly) replaces static tutorials, offering new brawlers and skins as rewards for completing challenges.
|
- Short-term: "Gem" rewards tied to wins (e.g., 50 gems per victory) and "Gem Vault" (daily spin) for cosmetic upgrades, with a free-to-play cap to prevent over-investment.
- Long-term: "Brawlers Pass" (3 tiers: Bronze, Gold, Platinum) gates exclusive brawlers and skins behind XP milestones, with a 7-day reset to maintain urgency.
- Limited-time "Brawl Pass" events (e.g., "Halloween Horror") offer seasonal brawlers, creating urgency to complete challenges before the event ends.
|
- Club challenges and "Brawl Pass" leaderboards encourage team-based progression, with top performers receiving bonus rewards.
- Cross-play tournaments (e.g., "Brawl Ball World Cup") pit players against global competitors, leveraging FOMO for participation.
- Spectator mode and in-game emotes (e.g., taunts) enhance social interaction, making matches feel like shared experiences.
|
Psychological Triggers in Plague Inc.: Campaign Design and Long-Term Engagement
Plague Inc. maintains player retention through a narrative-driven urgency system, where the player’s actions directly influence the outcome of a global pandemic. The game’s campaign design leverages loss aversion, customization, and progressive disclosure to create an addictive loop. Below is a step-by-step breakdown of its campaign mechanics and how they exploit psychological triggers:1. Initial Setup: The Illusion of Control
Players begin by selecting a pathogen (e.g., Nipah Virus) and customizing its traits (transmission rate, lethality, incubation period). This personalization fosters emotional investment, as players associate their success/failure with their chosen pathogen.
Psychological Trigger: The Endowment Effect—players overvalue their customizations, increasing motivation to "prove" their strategy works.2. Phase 1: Early Game – The Honeymoon Period
The game starts with low-stakes scenarios (e.g., a small outbreak in a rural area), allowing players to experiment with mutations and containment strategies without immediate consequences.
Reward: Early wins (e.g., containing the outbreak in 30 days) trigger dopamine release, reinforcing the belief that mastery is achievable.
Urgency Mechanic: A countdown timer (e.g., "Days until global panic") creates artificial deadlines, pushing players to act even when progress seems slow.3. Phase 2: Mid-Game – The Point of No Return
As the outbreak spreads, the game introduces uncontrollable variables (e.g., government lockdowns, vaccine development by AI opponents). Players must adapt, but the lack of control induces stress and engagement.
Psychological Trigger: Learned Helplessness is mitigated by adaptive difficulty—the game adjusts AI responses based on player performance, ensuring challenges remain solvable but frustrating.
Customization Lock-In: Players who invested in a specific mutation path (e.g., air-borne transmission) now face sunk cost fallacy, as abandoning their strategy feels like admitting failure.4. Phase 3: Late Game – The Grand Finale
The final stages present binary outcomes: either the player eradicates the pathogen (victory) or it mutates into an unstoppable super-virus (defeat). The high-stakes tension mirrors real-world crises, exploiting loss aversion.
Progression Gating: Unlocking new pathogens requires completing a campaign with a specific condition (e.g., "Eradicate in under 60 days"), creating a long-term goal that encourages replayability.
Narrative Payoff: Post-game statistics (e.g., "You caused 12 million deaths") trigger cognitive dissonance, prompting players to replay with different strategies to "do better."5. Post-Campaign: The Hook for Replayability
The game offers multiple endings (e.g., "Extinction," "Cure Found") and stat-based leaderboards, encouraging players to compete for high scores.
Dynamic Events: Randomized scenarios (e.g., "Zombie Apocalypse," "Alien Invasion") disrupt player routines, ensuring no two playthroughs feel identical.
Social Sharing: Players can share their highest death tolls or fastest eradication times, leveraging social proof to drive engagement.Quote:
"Plague Inc. succeeds because it turns morality into gameplay. The player’s guilt over virtual deaths becomes the fuel for replayThe mastery of iPhone strategy games lies not just in memorizing tactics but in understanding the interplay between design intent and player psychology. From the turn-based diplomacy of Civilization VI to the high-stakes scouting of Strategic Command, each title offers a distinct sandbox for experimentation, where small adjustments in resource allocation or unit positioning can dictate victory or defeat. The visual and narrative layers further deepen immersion, turning abstract systems into compelling narratives—whether through Age of Z’s historical timelines or Into the Breach*’s pixel-art intensity. By leveraging these insights, players can refine their approaches, exploit game mechanics to their advantage, and sustain long-term engagement through adaptive strategies. Ultimately, the best iPhone strategy games are not just challenges to overcome but frameworks to master, where every decision shapes the outcome and every replay reveals new possibilities. |
|
Leave a Comment
Comments are moderated before appearing. The data you submit is processed according to the Privacy Policy of ir.msu.ac.zw.